Ralph Abernathy Advisor and Confidante to MLK

When Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his last speech, â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† on April 3, 1968, he said, â€Å"Ralph David Abernathy is the best friend that I have in the world.† Ralph Abernathy was a Baptist minister who worked intimately with King during the civil rights movement. Although Abernathys work in the civil rights movement is not as well known as Kings endeavors, his work as an organizer was essential to pushing the civil rights movement forward. Accomplishments Co-founded the Montgomery Improvement Association.One of the chief organizers of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.Co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) with King.Organized the Poor People’s Campaign in 1968. Early Life and Education Ralph David Abernathy was born in Linden Ala.,   on March 11, 1926. Most of Abernathy’s childhood was spent on his father’s farm. He joined the army in 1941 and served in World War II. When Abernathy’s service ended, he pursued a degree in mathematics from Alabama State College, graduating in 1950. While a student, Abernathy took on two roles that would remain constant throughout his life. First, he became involved in civil protests and was soon leading various protests on campus. Second, he became a Baptist preacher in 1948. Three years later,   Abernathy earned a master’s degree from Atlanta University. Pastor, Civil Rights Leader, and Confidante to MLK In  1951, Abernathy was appointed pastor of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Ala. Like most southern towns in the early 1950s, Montgomery was filled with racial strife. African-Americans could not vote because of stringent state laws. There were segregated public facilities, and racism was rife. To combat these injustices, African-Americans organized strong local branches of the NAACP. Septima Clarke developed citizenship schools that would train and educate African-Americans to use civil disobedience to fight against southern racism and injustice. Vernon Johns, who had been the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church before King, had also been active in combating racism and discrimination--he’d supported young African-American women who had been assaulted by white men to press charges and also refused to take a seat in the back of a segregated bus. Within four years, Rosa Parks, a member of the local NAACP and graduate of   Clarke’s Highland Schools refused to sit at the back of a segregated public bus. Her actions put Abernathy and King in a position to lead African-Americans in Montgomery. King’s congregation, already encouraged to participate in civil disobedience was ready to lead the charge.   Within days of Parks’ actions, King and Abernathy established the Montgomery Improvement Association, which would coordinate a boycott of the city’s transportation system. As a result, Abernathy’s home and church were bombed by white residents of Montgomery. Abernathy would not end his work as a pastor or civil rights activist. The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted 381 days and ended with integrated public transportation. The Montgomery Bus Boycott helped Abernathy and King forge a friendship and a working relationship. The men would work on every civil rights campaign together until  King’s assassination in 1968. By 1957, Abernathy, King, and other African-American southern ministers established the SCLC. Based out of Atlanta, Abernathy was elected secretary-treasurer of the SCLC. Four years later, Abernathy was appointed as pastor of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church in Atlanta. Abernathy used this opportunity to lead the Albany Movement with King. In 1968, Abernathy was appointed the president of SCLC after King’s assassination. Abernathy continued to lead the sanitation workers to strike in Memphis. By the Summer of 1968, Abernathy was leading demonstrations in Washington D.C. for the Poor People’s Campaign. As a result of demonstrations in Washington DC with the Poor People’s Campaign, the Federal Food Stamps Program was established. The following year, Abernathy was working with men on the Charleston Sanitation Worker’s Strike. Although Abernathy lacked the charisma and oratory skills of King, he worked fervently to keep the civil rights movement relevant in the United States. The mood of the United States was changing, and the civil rights movement was also in transition. Abernathy continued to serve the SCLC until 1977. Abernathy returned to his position at West Hunter Avenue Baptist Church. In 1989, Abernathy published his autobiography,  The Walls Came Tumbling Down. Personal Life Abernathy married Juanita Odessa Jones in 1952. The couple had four children together. Abernathy died of a heart attack on April 17, 1990, in Atlanta.

Facts About the Ocean As a Marine Life Habitat

Within the worlds oceans, there are many different marine habitats. But what about the ocean as a whole? Here you can learn facts about the ocean, how many oceans there are and why theyre important. Basic Facts About the Ocean From space, Earth has been described as a blue marble. Know why? Because most of the Earth is covered by ocean. In fact, almost three-quarters (71%, or 140 million square miles) of the Earth is an ocean. With such an enormous area, theres no argument that healthy oceans are vital to a healthy planet. The ocean is not divided evenly between the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemispheres. The Northern Hemisphere contains more land than the ocean—39% land versus the 19% land in the Southern Hemisphere. How Did the Ocean Form? Of course, the ocean dates back long before any of us, so nobody knows for sure how the ocean originated, but it is thought that it came from water vapor present in the Earth. As the Earth cooled, this water vapor eventually evaporated, formed clouds and caused rain. Over a long time, the rain poured into low spots on the Earths surface, creating the first oceans. As the water ran off the land, it captured minerals, including salts, which formed salt water. The Importance of the Ocean What does the ocean do for us? There are many ways the ocean is important, some more obvious than others. The ocean: Provides food.Provides oxygen through the photosynthesis of tiny plant-like organisms called phytoplankton. These organisms provide an estimated 50-85% of the oxygen we breathe and also have the ability to store excess carbon.Regulates climate.Is a source of important products such as medicines, and things that we use in food such as thickeners and stabilizers (which may be made from marine algae).Provides recreational opportunities.Contains natural resources such as natural gas and oil.Provide highways for transportation and trade. More than 98% of U.S. foreign trade occurs via the ocean. How Many Oceans Are There? The salt water on the Earth is sometimes just referred to as the ocean, because really, all of the worlds oceans are connected. There are currents, winds, tides, and waves that circulate water around this world ocean constantly. But to make geography a bit easier, the oceans have been divided and named. Below are the oceans, from largest to smallest. Click here for more details on each of the oceans. Pacific Ocean: The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean and the largest single geographic feature on Earth. It is bound by the western coast of North and South America to the east, the coasts of Asia, and Australia to the west, and the more newly-designated (2000) the Southern Ocean to the south.Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic Ocean is smaller and shallower than the Pacific Ocean and is bound by North and South America to the west, Europe, and Africa to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north and the Southern Ocean to the south.Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean is the third-largest ocean. It is bound by Africa to the west, Asia and Australia to the east, and the Southern Ocean to the south.Southern, or Antarctic, Ocean: The Southern Ocean was designated from parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans in 2000 by the International Hydrographic Organization. This is the fourth largest ocean and surrounds Antarctica. It is bounded on the north by parts of South America, Africa, and Austral ia.Arctic Ocean: The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean. It lies mostly north of the Arctic Circle and is bounded by Europe, Asia, and North America. What Is Sea Water Like? Sea water might be less salty than youd imagine. Salinity (the salt content) of the sea differs across different areas of the ocean, but on average is have about 35 parts per thousand (about 3.5 % salt in salt water). To recreate the salinity in a glass of water, youd need to put about a teaspoon of table salt into a glass of water. The salt in sea water is different from table salt, though. Our table salt is made up of the elements sodium and chlorine, but the salt in sea water contains more than 100 elements, including magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Water temperatures in the ocean can vary greatly, from about 28-86 F. Ocean Zones When learning about marine life and their habitats, youll learn that different marine life may live in different ocean zones. Two major zones include: Pelagic Zone, considered the open ocean.Benthic zone, which is the ocean bottom. The ocean is also divided into zones according to how much sunlight they receive. There is the euphotic zone, which receives enough light to permit photosynthesis. The disphotic zone, where there is just a small amount of light, and also the aphotic zone, which has no light at all. Some animals, like whales, sea turtles and fish may occupy several zones throughout their lives or in different seasons. Other animals, like sessile barnacles, may stay in one zone for most of their lives. Major Habitats in the Ocean Habitats in the ocean range from warm, shallow, light-filled waters to deep, dark, cold areas. Major habitats include: Intertidal Zone, where land and sea meet. This is an area subject to great challenges for its marine life, as it is covered with water at high tide and water is largely absent at low tide. Therefore, its marine life must adapt to sometimes great changes in temperature, salinity, and moisture throughout the day.Mangroves: Mangroves are another salt water habitat along the coast. These areas are covered by salt-tolerant mangrove trees and are important nursery areas for a variety of marine life.Seagrasses, or seagrass beds: Seagrasses are flowering plants and live in a marine or brackish environment, usually in protected areas such as bays, lagoons, and estuaries. Seagrasses are another important habitat to a number of organisms and provide nursery areas for tiny marine life.Reefs: Coral reefs are often described as the rainforest of the sea because of their great biodiversity. The majority of coral reefs are found in warm tropical and sub-tropical areas, although deep-water corals do exist in some colder habitats.Pelagic Zone: The pelagic zone, also described above, is where some of the biggest marine life, including cetaceans and sharks, are found.Reefs: Coral reefs are often referred to as the rainforests of the sea because of their great diversity. Although reefs are most often found in warm, shallow tropical and sub-tropical waters, there are also deep-water corals that live in cold water. One of the most well-known coral reefs is the Great Barrier Reef off Australia.The Deep Sea: Although these cold, deep and dark areas of the ocean may appear inhospitable, scientists are realizing that they support a wide variety of marine life. These are also important areas to study, as 80% of the ocean consists of waters greater than 1,000 meters in depth.Hydrothermal Vents: While they are located in the deep sea, hydrothermal vents provide a unique, mineral-rich habitat for hundreds of species, including bacteria-like organisms called archaea that turn chemicals from t he vents into energy using a process called chemosynthesis, and other animals such as tubeworms, clams, mussels, crabs, and shrimp.Kelp Forests: Kelp forests are found in cold, productive, and relatively shallow waters. These underwater forests include an abundance of brown algae called kelp. These giant plants provide food and shelter for a variety of marine life. In the U.S., the kelp forests that may most readily come to mind are those off  of the west coast of the U.S. (e.g., California).Polar Regions: Polar habitats are areas near the Earths poles, with the Arctic in the north and the Antarctic to the south. These areas are cold, windy and have wide fluctuations in daylight throughout the year. While these areas seem uninhabitable for humans, marine life thrives there, with many migratory animals traveling to these areas to feed on abundant krill and other prey. They are also home to iconic marine animals such as polar bears  (in the Arctic) and penguins (in the Antarctic). Polar regions have been subject to increasing attention due to concerns about climate change—as it is in these areas where a warming of Earths temperatures would likely be most detectable and significant. Sources CIA - The World Factbook.Coulombe, D.A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster: New York.National Marine Sanctuaries. 2007. Ecosystems: Kelp Forests.WHOI. Polar Discovery. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.Tarbuck, E.J., Lutgens, F.K. and Tasa, D. Earth Science, Twelfth Edition. 2009. Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey.

Substance Use Disorders ( Suds ) - 2100 Words

Introduction There were more than 8.3 million children who lived with a parent or parents who actively abused or were dependent on an illegal drug or alcohol in 2008 (SAMSHA, 2009). Over the years comprehensive research has been accomplished and has determined that children raised by substance using parents are at an increased risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood as a result of familial dissemination of substance abuse through both the environments in which the children are raised and genetic susceptibility (Merikangas et al., 1998; Merikangas Avenevoli, 2000). However, there is an insignificant amount of literature examining the effects that the combined treatment and recovery of substance abusing parents has†¦show more content†¦Research indicates that children exposed to parental substance use are at increased risk for exposure to trauma and neglect (Kandel, 1990), linking with an increased risk for later developing SUDs (Mills, Teesson, Ross, Peters, 2006 as cited in Khoury et al., 2010). Yet, as previously stated there is little research to show the modifying affects that treatment and recovery can have on the children of substance abusers. The perspective of the dilemma of SUDs is that it not only affects the user, but it also their family and all those exposed to them. It is not an individual problem, it is a societal problem. As the previously discussed statistics shows, substance abuse is a substantial issue in our society. Although, alcohol and numerous substances have been around and ingested in various ways throughout history, it is a fairly new epidemic. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that we began to see new ways to use these substances, and different means to extract properties of such substances. It was in the mid-nineteenth century that morphine and codeine were first extracted from the opium poppy, cocaine was identified by chemists as the psychoactive substance of the coca leaf, and the hypodermic needle was invented. It was not until the purifications and new found transmissions of such substances that we began to experience such increased risk (DuPont, 1997). The House of Representatives of the United States

A Peace Implementation in the New Wars - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the A Peace Implementation in the New Wars. Answer: Dossier on Global Witness Global Witness, is a recognized non-government organization established in the year 1993 carrying out its operations across the world related to conserving natural resources, preventing corruption and human right abuses. It is headquartered in London and is founded by Patrick Alley. The organization is actively involved in carrying out campaigns for preventing the exploitation of natural resources and promoting social and environment development. The Global Witness organization is of the view that presence of large amount of natural resources can act as a major factor for the occurrence of corrupt practices in the mind of businesses (Levitt, 2015). Thus, the abundance of natural resources can lead to destabilizing the political environment in a country leading to the occurrence of conflicts. As such, the organization is mainly involved in breaking the links between natural resource exploitation and corruption on a global level. The main objective behind the development of the organiz ation is to depict a relation between the occurrence of corruption and conflicts from fighting over to gin accesses to the natural resources wealth. The excess of natural resources also lead to exploitation of human rights by businesses as they seeks to maximize their profitability by harnessing the resources and not paying attention to the well-being of labors during the process (Global Witness, 2018). The organization has stated that its main goal is to expose the corrupt practices that take place during the natural resources exploitation and human right abuses. It has undertaken various investigation cases involving various business entities in illegal and unethical activities during natural resources exploitation. The organization published its investigative report for highlighting the various corrupt practices of business organizations that they undertake for the sake of profit maximization (Humphreys, 2012). The investigative researches of the organization has exposed many times the harnessing of natural resources for funding unethical activities that lead to the occurrence of human right abuses against civilians. It has worked on natural resources exploitation such as diamond, oil timber, gas and other minerals. The organization has undertaken many investigations such as in Cambodia for exposing many scandals involving the illegal trade practices of much business organization s such as that of BHP Billiton. The organization also provides solutions related to the human tights problems for promoting the welfare of citizens in resource rich countries (Flowers, 2008). Global Witness is the global organization that works for the welfare of the people through providing the details regarding the corruption, conflicts, accountability issues and governance issues that are raised in many companies all around the world. Global Witness mainly works in the following four broad strands: Corruption: It is the main aim of the Global Witness is to arrange the details and campaigns against the organizations and governments that are actively involved in facilitating the corruption and also plays the major role in diverting the money from the natural resources so that it does not reach to the citizens (Leahy, 2017). Conflict: The purpose is to prevent the ongoing conflicts that abuse the human rights. The objective of the Global Witness is to campaigns and make aware about the continuation of the armed conflict and abuse of the human rights that lastly results in fighting on the natural resources. It has been seen many times the worlds worst human rights abuses are due to exploitation of the natural resources and also due to the political corruption. So to highlight all these conflicts Global Witness plays the major role. They work with the partners all around the world in order to fight for justice. Environmental Governance: Exploitation or degradation of the natural resources is one of the major concerns all over the world. So it is important to reach out all these destruction activities and make them expose in front of the public. In this regard Global Witness plays an important role through organizing the campaigns and other public activities that addresses the environment issues all over the world. All these campaigns are against the destruction and over exploitation of the natural resources (Global Witness, 2018). Maximizing accountability and transparency: There must be accountability and transparency of transactions that involves the use of natural resources. Global Witness works in this context to promote the use of proper accountability and bring transparency in the commercial deals that involves the extraction of the natural resources. The purpose of the Global Witness is to provide information to the citizens in the resources rich countries so that they can question the government and business officials about the accountability and management of the resources (Rose, 2015). References Flowers, M. 2008. Conflict Resolution: Peace Implementation in New Wars. Lulu.com. Global Witness. 2018. [Online]. Available at: https://www.globalwitness.org/en/ [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Humphreys, D. 2012. Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance. Routledge. Leahy, S. 2017. 200 Environmentalists Were Murdered Last Year. [Online]. Available at: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/environmentalists-protestors-killed-violence-global-witness-report/ [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Levitt, T. 2015. Global Witness: the media is dependent on NGOs to investigate corruption. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/aug/21/global-witness-media-dependent-on-ngo-to-investigate-corruption [Accessed on: 10 January 2018]. Rose, C. 2015. International Anti-Corruption Norms: Their Creation and Influence on Domestic Legal Systems. OUP Oxford.